The Ionosphere

The International Reference Ionosphere – Climatological Standard for the Ionosphere

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) a joint project of URSI and COSPAR is the defacto standard for a climatological specification of ionospheric parameters. IRI is based on a wide range of ground and space data and has been steadily improved since its inception in 1969 with the ever-increasing volume of ionospheric data and with better mathematical descriptions of the observed global a...

The Polar Ionosphere: Editorial

Of the Venus Ionosphere

• A two-dimensional, time-dependent, shock capturing single-sp•ies (O +)hydrodynamic odel of the Venus ionosphere, which solves the coupled continuity, momentum and energy _,•ons for the altitude range of 150 500 km and the solar zenith angle range of 0O 180 ø has been developed and is presented in this paper. It was again demonstrated thathe introduction of topside heat inflows leads to calcul...

Imaging of the equatorial ionosphere

The equatorial anomaly is the dominant structure in free electron concentration in the tropical ionosphere. Due to its edges (crests) which are characterised by steep latitudinal gradients in TEC and are temporally and spatially variable, it is one of the ionospheric regions most difficult to image with inversion methods. In this paper we reconstruct an International Reference Ionosphere model ...

Transmission of the electric fields to the low latitude ionosphere in the magnetosphere-ionosphere current circuit

The solar wind energy is transmitted to low latitude ionosphere in a current circuit from a dynamo in the magnetosphere to the equatorial ionosphere via the polar ionosphere. During the substorm growth phase and storm main phase, the dawn-to-dusk convection electric field is intensified by the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), driving the ionospheric DP2 currents composed of two-ce...